Puerto Rico Is Not a Country Independence Criteria

Eight accepted criteria  are used to determine whether an entity is an independent country (also known as a nation-state, as opposed to a state or province that is part of a larger country), relating to borders, residents, economy, and the regions  place in the world. Puerto Rico, a small island territory (approximately 100 miles long and 35 miles wide) located in the Caribbean Sea east of the island of Hispaniola and about 1,000 miles southeast of Florida, has been the home for many people for centuries. In 1493, the island was claimed by Spain, following Christopher Columbus second voyage to the Americas. After 400 years of colonial rule that saw the indigenous population nearly exterminated and African slave labor introduced, Puerto Rico was ceded to the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War in 1898. Its residents have been considered citizens of the United States since 1917. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated in July 2017 that the island is home to  about  3.3 million  people. (Though the population dipped temporarily after Hurricane Marà ­a in 2017 and some who temporarily resettled on the U.S.  mainland will eventually return to the island.)   U.S. Laws Regulate Everything Even though the island has an organized economy, transportation system,  education system,  and a population that lives there year-round, to be a sovereign nation, an entity needs to have its own military, issue its own money, and negotiate trade on its own behalf. Puerto Rico uses the U.S. dollar, and the United States controls the islands economy, trade, and public services. U.S. laws also regulate boat and air traffic and education. The territory has a police force, but the U.S. military is responsible for the islands defense.   As U.S. citizens, Puerto Ricans pay U.S. taxes and have access to programs such as Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid but not all social programs are available to official states. Travel between the island and the United States mainland (including Hawaii) doesnt require any special visas or passport, just the same identification that one would need to purchase the ticket to go there. The territory has a constitution and a governor like official U.S.  states do, but Puerto Ricos representation in Congress is nonvoting. Boundariesand External Recognition Even though its borders are internationally accepted with no disputes—its an island, after all—no country recognizes Puerto Rico as an independent nation, which is a major criteria  required to be classified as an independent nation-state. The world concedes that the territory is U.S. soil. Even residents of Puerto Rico recognize the island as a territory of the United States. Puerto Rican voters have rejected independence five  times (1967, 1993, 1998, 2012, and 2017) and have chosen to remain a commonwealth of the United States. Many people there  would like more rights, though. In 2017, voters responded in favor for their territory to become the United States  51st state  (in a nonbinding referendum), though those who voted were only a small set of the overall number of registered voters (23 percent). The U.S. Congress is the decision-maker on that topic, not the residents, so Puerto Ricos status is unlikely to change.

Effects Of The Atlantic Slave Trade On Africa - 1516 Words

Effects of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa The Atlantic slave trade existed from the 16th to the early 19th century and stimulated trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Over 12 million Africans were captured and sold into chattel slavery off the coast of West Africa, and more than 2 million of them died crossing the Atlantic. These outcomes of the slave trade are rarely disputed among historians; the effect of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa, however, is often a topic of debate. Some academics, such as Walter Rodney, insist that Africans were forced to take part in the slave trade, resulting in demographic disruption and underdevelopment in all sectors of Africa. Historian John Thornton acknowledges the negative consequences of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, yet contends that it was merely an expansion of the existing internal slave trade which African rulers engaged in willingly. A final case made by Hugh Thomas completely contradicts Rodney’s thesis, asserting that the slave trade was not solely respons ible for decreasing Africa’s population, and furthermore, that it was primarily beneficial to Africa’s economy and politics. The true outcome of the slave trade in Africa lies not entirely in any one of these arguments, but rests rather in a combination of all three. Although the Atlantic slave trade was detrimental to the economic and social development of Africa, the trade benefited a small portion of Africans, who willingly aligned themselves withShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Atlantic Slave Trade921 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atlantic Slave Trade The changes in African life during the slave trade era form an important element in the economic and technological development of Africa. Although the Atlantic slave trade had a negative effect on both the economy and technology, it is important to understand that slavery was not a new concept to Africa. 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The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was actually often referred to as the â€Å"Holocaust of Enslavement† which was basically the incarceration and imprisonment of people not for committing criminal offenses but to be put to work for others. The â€Å"Areas that were involved in the European slave trade eventually prospered.† (Aca Demon) TheseRead MoreTransatlantic Slave Trade and the Effects on the American Economy1627 Words   |  7 PagesTransatlantic Slave Trade and the effects on the american economy Transatlantic Slave Trade The Transatlantic slave trade is a â€Å"wrenching aspect of the history of Africa and America† (Colin Palmer). The transatlantic slave trade transported African people to the â€Å"New World†. It lasted from the 16th to the 19th century. Slavery has had a big impact on African culture. The Africans were forced to migrate away from everything they knew, culture, heritage and lifestyles (Captive Passage). CoupledRead MoreImpact Of Trans Atlantic Slave Trade On African Societies1314 Words   |  6 PagesFor 300 years, Africa participated in the Atlantic slave trade, providing humans in exchange for other goods. During that 300 years, some twelve million Africans were transported to the Americas. This mass, forced migration had many consequences for Africa, in many aspects of its history. In World History classes—both high school and college— these consequences for Africa are usually omitted, and a more Eurocentric view of the Atlantic slave trade dominate s. Because of this, many are not aware ofRead MoreImpact Of Slave Trade On West Africa1055 Words   |  5 PagesIn addition to the impacts of the slave trade on the social history of Africa, there were also major impacts on the political history. Below, three major impacts of the slave trade on the political history of West Africa will be discussed. To begin with, an impact that the slave trade had on West Africa is that it made the area more susceptible to colonization by European powers. There were two main ways in which the slave trade made it easier for European powers to colonize; the ways are the lossRead MoreThe Economic Effects of the Slave Trade on Africa, Britain, and America1398 Words   |  6 Pageswas all up to the slaves. Finding the perfect slave was a challenge to the colonists. First, there was the indentured servants, second, came the Indians. However because Indians and indentured servants could escape to freedom with ease, they were not the ideal slaves. The co lonists’ third attempt proved to be a gold mine. The unfortunate people who were forced in to captivity were the Africans. 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Information and Communication Technologies in Education - Sample

Question: Discuss about the Information and Communication Technologies in Education. Answer: Introduction Technology advancement and a decrease in the technology cost have resulted the school classrooms having the access to the internet and other technology resources. It has increased the educational programs, which include technology in syllabus. The major purpose of this literature is to understand attitude of people towards the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in classroom education. It reviews the studies, which have found use of these technologies in teaching, way of using these technologies in the classroom, examples of ICT and difficulties and challenges, which the teacher faces in using the ICT technologies. It includes the various aspects, which are related to the implementation of information and communication technologies in education. Literature Review According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, technology has become an important part of our lives and the people cannot complete their daily tasks without using cellphones, laptops, computer and GPS. ICT includes computers, internet and other online delivery systems. Lowther, Inan, Strahl Ross, 2008 stated that many previous studies have demonstrated that Information and communication technologies are helpful in teaching (Lowther, Inan, Strahl Ross, 2008). It is considered as a major tool for the educational reform. If there will be appropriate use of ICT, then it can increase the quality of education and teaching and it will link the learning process with the real life examples. Brush, Hew and Glazewski (2008) stated that ICT is used as a technique for the student to find the learning topics and solutions for the problems in learning. It provides the solutions to the problem in teaching process (Brush, Glazewski Hew, 2008). ICT is helpful in teaching as it makes knowledge gaining m ore accessible and theories in learning process are understood by engaging the students in implementation of Information and Communication Technologies. According to Lowther, Inan, Strahl Ross (2008), there are three major features, which are required to improve quality of learning and teaching with ICT. These are capability, autonomy and creativity. Autonomy indicates that students take the control of learning via use of ICT. Thus, they can be more able by themselves and with other people. Implementing group learning with ICT, the students may possess more opportunities to update their knowledge and they may become more confident to have risks and learn from their faults. In the sense of capability, when the students become more confident in the processes of teaching, then they can develop the ability to implement and transmit the knowledge by using the technology with more effectiveness and efficiency (Fu, 2013). ICTs can be used in the learning process by incorporating the systems in the course content. The teachers can use these technologies in promoting both education and computer literacy as well. In the classroom, computers a nd internet can be used in increasing the computer literacy. ICTs can improve the quality of education in different ways, like; by assisting in acquiring fundamental skills, by increasing the motivation and engagement of students and by facilitating the teacher training (Lowther, Inan, Strahl Ross, 2008). These tools should be used appropriately, so that they can promote the change to learner-centered atmosphere. It can be developed by installing various new technologies in the school or classrooms. The classrooms can use different types of technologies for improving the education like; laptops, computers, TV broadcasting, projector, teleconferencing, internet and other electronic systems. ICTs like television, videos and multimedia computer software, which combine the sound, text and colored and moving pictures, can be utilized to provide an understandable and authentic content, which will engage the students in learning and education process (Farrell Isaacs, 2007). Although, using ICT is helpful for the education, but it is more helpful, when it is developed appropriately. Reid (2002) stated that with the benefits of the ICTs in education, there are some concerns and problems, which the teachers face in using these technologies. The major problem, faced by the teachers is the maintenance of the tools and equipment, which are required to operate the technologically improved classrooms. The second difficulty is inequalities among students, who are using computers at their home and those who are not using. In the schools, there may be chances that the teachers are not familiar with the technology and equipment, so it can pose a challenge for the teachers. In this situation, there will be need of teacher training. Teachers have faced the hard time keeping up with the fast growing change in the school (Das Kumar, 2010). In a research, one of the teachers said that students are stressed, their families are stressed and this level of stress is harmful for the young students. Some teachers stated that ICTs are demanding their more time. They noted that they h ave to give more time to learn about new software and to create new and innovative things for teaching as more expectations are placed on the teachers. In Australia, the most important barriers, which are faced by the high school teachers, are inadequate number of computers, lack of time for teaching and lack of time in the classroom for students to operate the computers or other electronic devices in the classrooms (Reid, 2002). According to Farrell Isaacs (2007), teacher training may play an important role in implementing the ICTs in the classrooms, because many teachers are reluctant to use the ICTs. It requires different skills, which are not included in the formal teacher training. So, ICT training should be used as compulsory element of teacher training. In-service training should be provided to the teachers to provide technical support and gain the knowledge about the use of ICTs in the education (Chen, 2008). The training program should include a specific subject on how the computers and internet can be used to teach the curriculum. From all the tools, computer is considered as an effective learning tool. It is useful as the students can find various information and resources to solve their problems. Use of computer enhances the overall technology literacy of students and it helps in understanding, how they can integrate their technological skills with their curriculum (Chai, Koh Tsai, 2010). Comput er with internet can be used for different kind of research. It is true that students can score good marks by using ICT in education, because the students find it more interesting to study with the computers and other electronic devices, so they keep themselves more motivated and engaged in the study. It helps them in scoring good grades in classroom. Thus, the literature reviews that implementation of ICTs in education is beneficial for the students in learning and teaching process. References Brush, T., Glazewski, K. D. Hew, K. F., (2008). Development of an instrument to measure preservice teachers technology skills, technology beliefs, and technology barriers. Computers in the Schools, vol. 25, pp.112-125. Chai, C. S., Koh, J. H. L. Tsai, C.-C., (2010). Facilitating preservice teachers development of technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK). Educational Technology and Society, vol. 13, pp.63-73. Chen, C. H., (2008). Why do teachers not practice what they believe regarding technology integration? Journal of Educational Research, vol. 102, pp.65-75. Das, V.V. Kumar, R.V. (2010). Information and Communication Technologies:International Conference, ICT 2010, Kochi, Kerala, India, September 7-9, 2010, Proceedings. Springer Science Business Media. Farrell, G., Isaacs, S. (2007). Survey of ICT and Education in Africa. A Summary Report, Based on 53 Country Surveys. Washington, DC: infoDev/ World Bank. Fu, J.S. (2013). ICT in Education: A Critical Literature Review and Its Implications. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 112-125. Lowther, D. L., Inan, F. A., Strahl, J. D. Ross, S. M., (2008). Does technology integration work when key barriers are removed?. Educational Media International, vol. 45, pp.195-213. Reid, S. (2002).The Integration of ICT into Classroom Teaching. Retrieved from https://legacy.oise.utoronto.ca/research/field-centres/TVC/RossReports/vol7no1.htm.

The Darkness Out There Character Analysis free essay sample

‘The Darkness Out There’ being 20th century. Thomas Hardy writes ‘The Withered Arm’ as a 3rd person narrative whereas Penelope Lively uses a mixture between 3rd and 1st person. The Darkness Out There’ combines the author’s narration with the thoughts and feelings of Sandra, a girl belonging to the Good Neighbors club. She goes to help out an old lady, Mrs. Rutter, with the help of a boy called Kerry. Mrs. Rutter lives in the countryside; next to a wood called Packers End, feared by Sandra. Mrs. Rutter has a secret, that when told, horrifies the children. This sub story is of the German she found and left to die back when she was a girl in the war. Penelope Lively develops Mrs. Rutters character in many ways, with clues early on to her true self. Sandra’s views on the characters change by the end, as well as her whole out look of  life  as a result. One of the ways Mrs. Rutter’s character is portrayed by Penelope Lively is through her environment, both historically and geographically. The house is introduced sending out two different messages. One is that of a quaint homely place. This can be recognized through the descriptions of the china ornaments, â€Å"big-eyed flop-eared rabbits and beribboned kittens and flowery milkmaids and a pair of naked chubby children wearing daisy chains†. Firstly, this gives the impression of a cuddly ‘grandmother’ figure, but then the picture is broken with the mention of the â€Å"smell of cabbage†. This comment conflicts with the otherwise friendly scene to suggest something is not rite. The house reflects Mrs. Rutter’s character. An example of this is â€Å"her eyes investigated, quick as mice†. Later, the house mirrors this comment by the author describing that it â€Å"smelt of damp and mouse†. Animals and flowers are frequently mentioned in the description of the ornaments and her love of plants, â€Å"You should see the wood in spring, with all the bluebells†. This constant reference to nature implies there is a link with Mrs. Rutter, for nature is changeable and not always as it seems. There is also evidence to suggest she is an old lady whose mind is still stuck in the past, such as her collection of â€Å"old calendars and pictures torn from magazines†. This could later explain why her memory of the German plane and dying soldier is still vivid as ever. The affect of what Mrs. Rutter says and does also reveals sides of her character. She welcomes Kerry and Sandra into her house. But rite at the beginning there is a contrast in description, â€Å"a creamy smiling pool of a face in which her eyes snapped and darted† sounds friendly and comforting but subliminally uneasy and then later sinister. She’s a very judgmental woman. She sends the boy straight away outside to do the manual work and leaves Sandra the light chores indoors. She makes conversation with the girl, but not with Kerry, thinking he’ll have nothing interesting to say. This is because she doesn’t think much of his ambitions, smiling falsely while he tells her that he wants to work as a car mechanic. She insults him, â€Å"well, I expect that’s good steady money if you’d nothing special in mind. Sugar? † then moves on quickly to a gesture of  hospitality, trying to conceal the jibe aimed at Kerry. She’s patronizing too, with comments like â€Å"You’re a little dress maker, too,† and â€Å"Chocky? † She asks Sandra to offer Kerry a chocolate too, but has already forgotten his name â€Å"Take them out and see if what’s-‘s-name would like one? † showing his insignificance in her mind. One reason why she does this may be because she has no children of her own, so she goes on stereotypical ideas. She also makes the reader feel uneasy, â€Å"Mind your pretty skirt, pull it up a bit, there’s only me to see if you’re showing a bit of bum. † This provokes the thought that she has a slightly warped mind. She starts to tell Sandra about her husband who was killed in the war. He died rite at the beginning, and she hasn’t formed any relationships since. This can make the reader feel a little bit sympathetic towards her. Penelope Lively lets us know what others think of Mrs. Rutter as Kerry builds a profile on her character when he talks with Sandra. He shows his dislike of the woman, â€Å"I don’t go much on her† and â€Å"I dunno. The way she talks and that. † Sandra encourages him to feel sorry for her by telling him of her tragedy, but he explains that â€Å"There’s lots of people done that† dismissing the excuse for her peculiar and disturbing behavior by implying that she wasn’t the only one to loose somebody in the war. The way Mrs. Rutter always watches Sandra and â€Å"glinting from the cushions† gives an uneasy feel towards her. When Kerry returns inside Mrs. Rutter begins her anecdote. He asks if she saw the plane come down and she chuckles, seeming to delight in the idea. She explains how her and her sister went to investigate the scene and was only going to get help if it was an allied plane. This alarms Kerry. Her twisted side becomes more apparent when she says, â€Å"We cheered, I can tell you† as they realized it was German. Sandra is alarmed and quips how awful it was, but Mrs. Rutter, who disregards her discomfort, abruptly interrupts her she is so involved in telling the story. She tries to soften what she is saying by ‘sugaring the pill’, for example friendly additives such as â€Å"my duck† to unsettling sentences. She refers to the injured man in the broken plane as â€Å"that site†. She mentions nothing about the man himself but just remarks how â€Å"it wasn’t a pretty site†. She is unmoved when the German was crying â€Å"mutter, mutter†. This shows she is a cold, heartless woman. She recollects easily how she left the man in pain because it was raining. This shows she has no feeling of mutual human kindness and doesn’t feel obliged to help. Again, she is not bothered with the fact he is in his late teens. Mrs. Rutter is bitter and resentful because of the death of her husband. She delights in the Germans death, â€Å"I thought, oh no, you had this coming to you, mate, there’s a war on. She seems surprised when Kerry and Sandra suddenly get up to leave, disgusted with her tale. She has no remorse and doesn’t realize there was anything wrong with what she did, her conscience still not activated all these years later. Rite from the beginning there had been implicit clues to her nasty inner character, not just from the s tory she told which revealed it explicitly towards the end. Penelope Lively through other means, like metaphors reveals the character. Like her body, her personality is not clear-cut. The author suggests this when she explains â€Å"she seemed composed of circles†. Introduced as â€Å"a cottage loaf of a woman†, gives the misleading impression of a warm, traditional, safe, chunky, old woman. But following this, is another metaphor, â€Å"with a face below which chins collapsed one into another,† implicitly meaning she had different guises, was false and two- faced. Someone not to be trusted. On  balance, it seems that Mrs. Rutter was a twisted old lady, unable to let go of the bitterness she acquired from her husbands killing and sick because of the fact she relished in the idea of the young German soldier left to die. Her historical background, the fact she lived through the horrors of war is no excuse. She believes herself to be an innocent old lady; blind to her own faults and separated from the outside world. Penelope Lively used various characterization techniques to skillfully convey the character of Mrs. Rutter well. ‘The Withered Arm’ is another story in which people can be falsely judged. As with ‘The Darkness Out There’ Thomas Hardy uses environment very effectively to reveal sides of Farmer Lodge’s character. Farmer Lodge is the squire of his backward Wessex village. His geographical, historical and mainly social environments influence his character unlike in ‘The Darkness Out There’ where Mrs. Rutters social environment has little effect on her. In the 1800’s, there were strong social class divisions. Farmer Lodge personified the segregation. Other people from this time may have been distant from different classes but Gertrude (his pretty young wife) crossed the boundary, therefore couldn’t he? Years ago he had used Rhoda, but was reluctant to have any responsibility for his actions, in this case Jamie, the product of their affair. He refused to let Gertrude go and see Rhoda Brooke, as he was scared that she would find out his secret. He told her repeatedly in the video, not to mix with the villagers. He feared public opinion and loss of respect if the secret became formally open. His up bringing had molded him irreversibly into someone who thought he was above those who were poorer than he was. As with all stories, a lot is revealed by what a character says and does. Farmer Lodge remains aloof to most of the other characters, not getting emotionally involved. This is a shield to protect his superiority. Near the beginning of the story, Farmer Lodge is being driven along by the horse and cart, next to Gertrude. She is unnerved at the sight of Jamie, staring at her constantly. When she mentions this worriedly and Farmer Lodge dismisses him as â€Å"One of the neighborhood. I think he lives with his mother a mile or two off. † This is a lie to cover himself, as he knows full well who he is and where he lives. He warns Gertrude to stay away from the superstition of the village people and doesn’t allow her to use alternative methods for a cure to her arm. He only advises learned solutions such as the doctors and medicine. This shows he is a firmly grounded man, who is smart/ enlightened. He doesn’t like her dabbling in the village ‘quackery’. He shows little sympathy for Gertrude, and comes to despise her for her disfigured left limb. This is a man for whom appearances are very important. He stopped loving his wife when she showed an imperfection, when she needed him most. How Farmer Lodge treats others is another key way of showing his character. The only simile used is, â€Å"The driver was a yeoman in the prime of life, cleanly shaven like an actor†. This gives the reader the chance of implicit interpretation. It means Farmer Lodge is false, that he is pretending to be something he is not, like his treatment of Gertrude. She is only really a showpiece, he couldn’t have really loved her. For him, Gertrude is too independent. She takes boots to Jamie and Rhoda’s cottage, for the boy. This was an act of pity, highlighting her kindness. This is a visible contrast to Farmer Lodge who is angered by her visit. One day, he catches Jamie poaching on his land. Instead of charging him for the offence, he lets him go. This shows that he does have some morals, as the punishment would be hanging for the boy. However, he only shows consideration for Jamie when he doesn’t actively or publicly have to show responsibility. Another example of this is when they are on the road and he â€Å"seemed annoyed at the boys persistent presence, but did not order him to get out of the way†. He is also characterized by how people react to him, both to him as a person and to his position as squire. The villagers respect his position of authority, for example his reserved place in church, the front row. Unlike Jamie, he needn’t arrive early to get a place in the front, but comes almost last. He grabs the opportunity to arrogantly parade down the aisle, showing off his new wife. Gertrude feels uncomfortable and shy, when he makes the obvious point of superiority â€Å"The well-to-do Farmer Lodge came nearly last; and his young wife, who accompanied him, walked up the aisle with the shyness natural to a modest woman who had appeared thus for the first time. † When Jamie is caught with the hare on Farmer Lodge’s land, he is scared of the man as the yeoman Farmer, whose land he has been poaching on and not of him as a person because he doesn’t have any personal and emotional attachment to him. Rhoda’s experience of the Farmer has left her bitter. He used her and left her completely to provide for Jamie and herself on her own. When Gertrude visits, she says, â€Å"Men think so much of personal appearances†. Rhoda answers, â€Å"Some do – he for one. † This is an explicit insight into Farmer Lodge’s character from the point of view of the women affected by him. The village people arent so respectful behind the Farmer’s back, about him personally. The milkmaids right at the beginning gossip about his new wife, â€Å"He do bring home bride to-morrow, I hear. Only the dairyman, who employed the milkmaids and a closer connection to the squire, hushes them, â€Å"now then, what the Turk do it matter to us about Farmer Lodge’s new mis’ess? † At the end of the story, there is a twist surprise to the plot, which is that Jamie is hanged. This has a profound affect on Farmer Lodge and is there for Rhoda at the trials and execution, the first public display of responsibility. He becomes a recluse and out of his guilt tries to make amends by offering â€Å"a small annuity to Rhoda Brooke† although Rhoda refuses this. Thomas Hardy shows that his character changed by explicitly stating in narrator form, â€Å"he eventually changed for the better, and appeared as a chastened and thoughtful man†. He tries to repent by giving up his lands to a â€Å"reformatory for boys†. As an overview, Farmer Lodge is very much motivated by his environment. He had changed his attitude to responsibility by the end but it was too late. Two people had died and one mentally scared by the time he had converted from his old ways. In conclusion, the social environments were different for the characters in ‘The Darkness Out There’ and ‘The Withered Arm’. Due to the time periods in which the stories were set, the hierarchical society that motivated Farmer Lodge into the person he was, in contrast, didn’t have an effect on Mrs. Rutter, who lived in an egalitarian society. They did however; both have prejudices against different groups of people, for example Mrs. Rutter and the Germans, and Farmer Lodge with the poor. There is a big difference in the revealing of characters between Mrs. Rutter and Farmer Lodge. In ‘The Withered Arm’ Mrs. Rutter was misleadingly portrayed as a nice, homely old lady. Her dark side was made explicitly apparent until her anecdote. There were little implicit hints previously, but were hard to pick up on yet the evidence was there. So the end surprise was only a revelation, not a change to her character as it had always been there. In ‘The Withered Arm’ Farmer Lodge’s dark side had always been present, and his reform at the end was a genuine change of character. A reason why the original thoughts of Mrs. Rutter were so misleading was because Sandra didn’t realize her disguise. ‘The Darkness Out There’ was a collaboration of 1st and 3rd person text. Unless the audience was very analytical and close readers, they would generally go along with what Sandra was thinking, they wouldn’t know any better. When Mrs. Rutter is exposed by her evil characteristics the audience learns and was guilty with Sandra. They make the same mistakes of stereotyping as her. As a result, they are more emotionally involved and effected by the moral ending message. Unlike in ‘The Withered Arm’, the authorial voice distances the reader from the action. They don’t get an insight into what the characters are actually thinking, just from what they say and do. It is hard to identify with the characters as much in a 3rd person narrative like ‘The Withered Arm’. Penelope lively is more implicit in her way of characterization. She gives the translation more to the reader than Hardy, who tells the reader exactly what’s happening. Such as the lists of lovely trinkets owned by Mrs. Rutter, mixed in with the strange smell of cabbage. Thomas Hardy doesn’t leave much to the reader’s imagination, preferring to use more explicit uses of language to detail what is going on. Thus, the reader is more engaged in ‘The Darkness Out There’ and its characters.

Les Quatre Voyages de Juan Buscamares (travel Four John Seeker) Review Essay Example

Les Quatre Voyages de Juan Buscamares (travel Four John Seeker) Review Paper Essay on Les Quatre Voyages de Juan Buscamares (travel Four John Seeker) So great beginning for the classics a submarine in the steppes of Ukraine was killed in an unequal air battle to the third volume tetralogy Chilean artist Felix Vega turns into no less than the classic, Akira. What, however, is even in the subject. The first volume of the Four trips was released in 1997, by 2003, passing Water, Air and Earth, John completed his journey in the Fire. Very nice comic happily exploiting the grotesque, of interest primarily in visual terms. If you are close to the theme of post-apocalypse, cyber-punk, steam-punk and a punk approach to literature and cinema, I think you will like it. Without any preamble, the reader immediately thrown into the thick of things, and only in the third volume we have at least something to learn about the past of the protagonist, we find allusions to the nature of his mysterious figures. John travels the world, survived an environmental catastrophe. His adventure begins in the dried up sea the valley through which it travels many years, hoping to find a new sea. We will write a custom essay sample on Les Quatre Voyages de Juan Buscamares (travel Four John Seeker) Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Les Quatre Voyages de Juan Buscamares (travel Four John Seeker) Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Les Quatre Voyages de Juan Buscamares (travel Four John Seeker) Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When I saw the sea in my dreams, I always stood on the shore I felt something or the insignificant speck that stared at a sleeping titan, whose breath raises the storm. Look at him now it seems that it is looking at us from the depths of waiting until we fall to devour us . In the first volume, on which pages and feel the dust and sand, contains many references to biblical subjects. In fact, John archetypal elect, whose adventure is glued together as a collage of fragments of the history of Jesus Christ. Just crucifixion and ends pery that. However, in the continuation of Vega rejects biblical themes, more care in the jungle of esoteric mysticism per se, but on the form uses many of the myths:. For example, the Flood, Icarus and Daedalus In his wanderings, John meets a beautiful prostitute Hallelujah, which relatives are selling for water. Love this girl, show him an angel makes him indulge in the most desperate skirmish Just John haunt (in addition to the various thugs and fanatics who think the hero elected) toddler vision jacket -. Little Prince Exupery. The third volume is trivial at first explained that, literally, immediately reborn in even more grotesque. Although, in fact, after all, The Little Prince -. Was a traveler Finder As you might guess from the volume name each dedicated to a specific element Volume One -. Water, about the search for the sea and how water is returned to a dying world. The Earth can not die, and someday be reborn. and as it turned grandiose flood. volume two Air of the miraculous rescue on a volatile ark and acquiring new Earth The third volume -. The Earth, I think, about how after the flood before the heroes of the task of creating a new world, a new story . There is a choice return to earth a sinner, or to plant beautiful gardens. But, despite the pessimistic nature of man, the author, unfortunately, does not promise Eden. Though the company had escaped crept good 🙂 Though, perhaps a final answer that will give the fourth? Learn how to read. Of course, the Four Travel John Seeker Yet most dynamic fighter in which philosophical component is nice seasoning. And, first of all, it is wonderful drawn comic book with interesting characters and cheerful, martial narrative, playing on the well-known stories. Postmodernism is it? Rather, just a beautiful game as proof ad absurdum. Download the first three volumes in the Russian translation here

British Capitalism Develpment

British Capitalism Develpment Introduction/Thesis statement In order for us to be able to define and to explain the most distinctive features of British capitalism, ever since the time of Industrial Revolution until comparatively times, we will need to refer to the discussed subject matter from not solely economic but also geopolitical and socio-cultural perspective.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on British Capitalism Develpment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If put in a nutshell, the history of British capitalism can be outlined as follows: After Industrial Revolution made it possible to invest in such newly emerged industries as textile producing, railway building and steam-engine engineering, through years 1760-1860 British economy experienced an unprecedented boom. Nevertheless, from 1860 onwards, the vitality of British economy started to become progressively undermined. This process continued throughout the course of 20th century and had r esulted in creation of a situation when, as of today, British financial system is essentially the only self-sustainable sector of country’s economy. And, there are good reasons to believe that the closer analysis of British capitalism’s evolution, will provide us with the insight on what represented its foremost features, throughout the course of an affiliated historical era. In this paper, we will aim to do just that. Main part/Conclusion The origins of British capitalism are rooted in the workings of Puritan/Protestant mentality. As it was pointed out by Max Weber, the very essence of Protestantism, as essentially secular religion, created objective preconditions for Industrial Revolution to begin in Britain, as the country that featured a stable government, on one hand, and idealistically minded but utterly industrious population, on another – it is namely the combination these two socio-political factors that drives forward scientific progress.[1] Thus, it w as due to objectively existing laws of historical dialectics that, from 1760 onwards, the value of labor in British economy started to attain independent subtleties – hence, facilitating the process of country’s industrialization. By the end of 19th century, Britain became the first fully industrialized nation. Nevertheless, what differed Britain from other countries that had undergone industrialization later in history, is that it possessed a vast colonial Empire. This was exactly the reason why in Britain, instead of being invested into developing of new technologies, the bulk of ‘surplus value’, created by an ongoing process of industrialization, was invested into the maintenance of an Empire and into developing the resource-based sectors of economy.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his book, Rubinstein (1993) states: â€Å"British investment increasingly went overseas, especially into developing the primary industries minerals, rubber, jute, gold and diamonds of the tropical Empire, or the infrastructure railways, docks, public works, construction in the temperate regions of the Empire settled by emigre Britons† (p. 4). Nevertheless, as we are well aware of, the pace of scientific progress renders the functioning of resource-based commercial enterprises increasingly unfeasible. For example, after the end of WW2, the cost value of a copper in telephone cables accounted for 80%. The telephone cable at the bottom of Atlantic Ocean, which during the course of forties and fifties was connecting America and Europe, was utterly expensive and yet – it allowed making only 138 parallel telephone calls. Nowadays, despite the fact that the cost value of raw materials in optical fiber cables accounts for only 10%, they can sustain 750.000 parallel telephone conversations, at the time.[2] In other words, t he initial vigor of British capitalism was lost, because Britons’ capitalistic industriousness was channeled into improving the living standards for local populations in colonies. To put it allegorically – the kinetic power of British capitalism was transformed into the heat, which later simply dispersed into the thin air, on the account of colonies having succeeded in liberating themselves from ‘white oppression’. Thus, one of the most distinctive traits of British capitalism was its affiliation with ‘white man’s burden’ of spreading the light of civilization, which sets it apart of from capitalisms of Germany or U.S., for example, strictly concerned with generating a commercial profit. As it was rightly pointed out by Rubinstein in the same book: â€Å"Gentlemanly capitalism, based on land, finance, and commercial services, is the key to understanding the growth of the British Empire† (p. 40). Apparently, British capitalists ne ver ceased being little more than just profit-driven individuals, as it used to be the case with their counterparts from the rest of the world. Thus, British capitalistic ‘gentriness’ can be partially blamed for the fact that, by 20th century’s twenties and thirties, there were millions of highly skilled but unemployed industrial workers in Britain. And, as time went by, it was becoming increasingly harder for them to find a job, as commercial feasibility of Britain’s industries, associated with extraction and utilization of natural resources (especially of those overseas), started to become progressively undermined. For example, in 1925, when prices for natural rubber were at all times high, this product accounted for 15% of all British exports. However, since Germans discovered a technology for producing synthetic rubber in 1935, within a matter of two years, the share of natural rubber from colonies in British exports fell down to 3% selling this produ ct simply ceased being quite as profitable.[3]Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on British Capitalism Develpment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is not by a pure accident that it was namely during the course of twenties and thirties, that British trade-unionist movement started to gain a momentum, which in its turn, established socio-political preconditions for the concept of so-called ‘welfare state’ to grow increasingly popular with more and more Britons. Very rapidly, the functioning of British free-market economy was attaining a number of clearly defined Socialist subtleties. This brings us to discuss another distinctive feature of British capitalism – the fact that it had undergone a rapid transformation being ‘wild’ to becoming essentially ‘semi-socialist’. Despite the fact that, throughout the course of second half of 19th century, British capitalism wa s strongly associated with merciless exploitation of child labor and with virtual absence of trade-unionist movement, in the first decade of 20th century a number of legislations have been passed by the Parliament, in order to protect workers’ social and economic rights. For example, Britain was the first country in the world that in 1911 made workers eligible for unemployment insurance. Moreover, as time went by, the government continued to bestow a variety of social benefits upon workers. In his article, Fulcher (1997) states: â€Å"The 1920 National Insurance Act greatly extended the coverage of unemployment benefit and the 1921 Act first provided allowances for the dependants of the unemployed†¦ The 1925 Act established the modern pension system of non-means-tested pensions for those over 65† (p. 515). In its turn, this explains why, unlike what it used to be the case in other major capitalist countries, such as France, Italy, U.S., Spain and China (with excep tion of Nazi Germany, of course), British Communists were never popular with British ‘proletarians’, on behalf of which they spoke. According to Wood (1959): â€Å"The C.P.G.B. (Communist Party of Great Britan) has always been smaller than any Communist party of a major industrial nation. Although membership of 10,000 was officially claimed at the time of its foundation, the actual figure seems to have been nearer 2.500† (p. 259). The reason for this is simple – due to Labor Party’s political activities, during the course of thirties, British society was growing increasingly Socialist. And, socialist-minded citizens are much more likely to affiliate themselves with the concept of a ‘welfare state’, as opposed to affiliating themselves with the concept of ‘class struggle’. Nevertheless, as we know from the lessons of history, while providing various benefits to unprivileged members of society, the implementation of the conce pt of ‘welfare state’ undermines the effectiveness of economy’s functioning. The economies of ‘welfare states’ are necessarily stagnant, which explains such economies’ insensitivity to free-market challenges.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This was the reason why, unlike what it was the case with America’s capitalism, British capitalism remained largely unaffected by the Great Depression of 1929 – Britain’s depression began in 1921 and it subtly continues until today. As Booth (1982) had put it in his article: â€Å"At some time in early 1921 it became clear that the period of prosperity was over. To all sections of the community, therefore, the outlook was one of unaccustomed bleakness† (p. 208). The fact that this depression was being extended over such long period of time, simply made it less acutely felt. Unlike what it was the case with American depression, British depression was not predetermined by free-market economy’s fluctuations, but by government’s attempts to keep these fluctuations under control. Despite the fact that Britain came as a winner out of WW2, country’s economic might was greatly diminished by this war and by India’s proclamation of indep endence in 1947, which initiated the process of Empire’s dismantling. Britain’s financial system, represented by London’s City; nevertheless, remained comparatively strong. However, despite being semi-independent and privately own financial institution, much like America’s Federal Reserve, the Bank of England had chosen in favor of qualitatively different approach towards increasing the effectiveness of economy’s functioning, as compared to what it was the case with Federal Reserve. Instead of striving to provide a boost to the economy by increasing the amount of money in domestic circulation – hence, increasing citizens’ buying power, which in its turn, would result in increasing the competitiveness of nation’s industries, it simply embarked upon lending money to foreign governments and financial institutions and also upon ensuing a variety of internationally traded bonds.[4] In the book from which we have already quoted, Rubi nstein states: â€Å"The Citys traditional role re-emerged strongly in the late 1950s and early 1960s, with the rise of the Eurocurrency and Eurobond markets†¦ and the beginnings of large-scale investment and borrowings by Third World and Arab countries† (p.73). Such City’s strategy; however, should not be referred to as conceptually fallacious. After all, country’s peasantry has been ‘burned off’ is the chimney of industrialization in 19th century, which is why, after having been deprived of its colonies, Britain simply could not begin expanding industries on its own soil by the mean of increasing citizens’ buying power – there was simply no ‘human fuel’ left to sustain the process of industrialization once again. On the other hand, since the era of post-industrialism has not began yet, City also could not invest into developing of informational technologies and into setting up industrial production lines in the coun tries of Third World, which would have turned Britain into ‘manufacturer of intellect’, as it is the case with today’s Germany, Japan and U.S. This was one of the reasons why the capitalist realities in Britain, through 1945-1955, closely reminded the Communist realities in Soviet Union, around the same time – people standing in lineups to buy basic food, the system of products’ rationing, and the high extent of governmental corruption. Such was the unsightly face of British capitalism in post-war years. Throughout the course of sixties and seventies, the essence of British capitalism’s functioning can be outlined within the following framework: every time, citizens felt that their economic well-being was starting to improve, they would vote for Labor, and after that, their standards of living would take a steep dive again. And, so it went on and on, until Margaret Thatcher was appointed a Prime Minister in 1979. After that, British capitalis m started to remind capitalism proper, for a change – the government allowed the privatization of many state-owned companies, it cut back on investing into public sector and reformed country’s taxation policies. Within a matter of few years, British economy began to regain its former vitality. Unfortunately, British capitalistic revival did not last for too long. After winning the elections of 2001, New Labor proceeded with its old agenda of building a ‘welfare state’.[5] As a result, up until most recent elections, Britain was nothing short of a classical Socialist state the whole armies of uneducated immigrants from Third World were instantly made eligible for generous welfare payments, on the account of their ‘cultural uniqueness’, the quality standards in country’s health care and educational systems were drastically lowered, the medium-sized commercial enterprises were heavily taxed, which had brought many of them on the threshold of bankruptcy, the proper functioning of Britain’s energy sector was brought to a halt, etc. Nevertheless, as it was shown by the outcome of political elections of 2010, it is much too early to bury British capitalism, as the concept synonymous to the concept of properly functioning free-market economy. References Booth, A 1982, ‘Corporatism, capitalism and depression in twentieth-century Britain’, The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 200-223. Feenberg, A 1990, ‘Post-industrial discourses’, Theory and Society, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 709-737. Fulcher, J 1997, ‘Did British society change character in the 1920s or the 1980s’,  The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 514-521. Lisle-Williams, M 1984, ‘Beyond the market: The survival of family capitalism in the English merchant banks’, The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 241-271. Martin, C 2004, ‘Reinventing welfare regimes: E mployers and the implementation of active social policy’, World Politics, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 39-69. Rubinstein, WD 1993, Capitalism, culture, and decline in Britain, 1750-1990, Taylor Francis Routledge, London/New York. Solo, R 1954, ‘Research and development in the synthetic rubber industry’, The  Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 61-82. Weber, M 2001, The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism. New Translation and Introduction by Stephen Kalberg, Roxbury Publishing, Los Angeles. Wood, N 1959, ‘The empirical proletarians: A note on British Communism’,  Political Science Quarterly, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 256-272. Footnotes M. Weber 2001, The protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism, Roxbury Publishing, Los Angeles, p. 15. A. Feenberg 1990, ‘Post-industrial discourses’, Theory and Society, vol. 19, no. 6, p. 720. R. Solo 1954, ‘Research and development in the synthetic rubber industry’, The Q uarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 63. M. Lisle-Williams 1984, ‘Beyond the market: The survival of family capitalism in the English merchant banks’, The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 35, no. 2, p. 250. C. Martin 2004, ‘Reinventing welfare regimes: Employers and the implementation of active social policy’, World Politics, vol. 57, no. 1, p. 45.

Describe and Evaluate the main Macro Economic Policies used by the Essay

Describe and Evaluate the main Macro Economic Policies used by the Australian Government and Reserve Bank over the last two year - Essay Example In the last two years, the government’s goal has achieved economic growth, internal and external balance within an economy thereby maintaining economic growth and low inflation as well as ensuring low foreign debt and liabilities. Although economic growth has not been constant for the last two years due to international business cycles, the government has reduced the fluctuations via influencing demand. In as much as the economy has had several ups and downs, her improved international demands and rich natural resources such as iron ore and coal. According to â€Å"International Monetary Fund,† Reserve Bank of Australia has strengthened financial system in such a way that the macroeconomic policy is devised to curb recession instead of controlling inflation (Web). Macroeconomic aggregates which include rate of inflation, GDP growth and unemployment rate can possibly reflect the performance of a country’s economy. ... even as other countries such as U.S are struggling to recover from recession, the Australian government has boosted the economy by encouraging export to Asia (125-128). The government’s move to incorporate interest rate is aimed at promoting non-mining and housing investments which play integral role in spurring economic growth. Reserve Bank of Australia further made some great efforts in controlling money supply through the open market operations which involves purchasing or selling of financial instruments (Web). This has stabilized the Australian economy for the last two years because of their eventual effect on consumption and investment. According to Soliman RBA’s monetary policy for the last two years has been directed to achieve 2-3% inflation rate on the average over the cycle and this has really stimulated economic activities without interfering with economic decisions in the economy (98-100). It is apparent that both the government and the RBA have instituted strong fiscal and monetary policies that have successfully countered the economic recession. Theoretically, reduction of interest rate would enhance aggregate demand by influencing the aggregate components such as stimulation of investments projects as borrowing would be less expensive. The attraction or creation of a good investment environment has been one of the core activities that the government has dealt with in the previous years as this will deal with unemployment issues. Soliman explains that low interest rate has enabled Australia to increase her export while reducing their imports thus enhancing net export (101-102). The monetary policy decision process in Australia which includes the RBA board has been frequently meeting to discuss new developments in both Australia and international

Introduction Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction - Case Study Example Benson both London Agencies. The agency’s initial advertisements were for Rolls Royce, Schweppes, and Hathaway Shirts. In 1950, the sales of the agency increased to 160% because of featuring a distinguished man with a black eye patch. The company ran for 25 years thereafter. Ogilvy and Mather International resulted from Ogilvy & Mather merging with its British partner agencies in 1965 with individual offices run by local presidents as an independent agency. Four regions, namely North America, Europe, Latin America, and Asia constituted 270 offices by 1991. The four important disciplines represented by these offices were public relations, direct marketing, promotion of sales and advertisement. A leading marketing service Company known as WPP Group plc acquired Ogilvy and Mather in 1989 for $864 million. Major losses in the form of advertising assignment withdrawal by Unilever and Shell followed. In 1982, Charlotte Beers was the first outsider for election as the Chief Executive Officer of Ogilvy and Mather Worldwide. Beers was the first woman as well to chair the American Association of Advertising Agencies in 1986. It is from this point that the agency recuperated from its failures with the help of recalled Ogilvy and Mather veterans. The Chief Executive Officer’s job was to remove the word beleaguered from the agency’s name:

Research Germany Disney theme restraurant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Germany Disney theme restraurant - Essay Example The German Disney theme restaurant also known as the German Biergarten, beer garden, is an outdoor place where people enjoy local food and beer, in a theatre-like layout with family-style long tables. The Disney theme restaurant is located in Epcot, Germany. The restaurant provides all sorts of entertainment including songs, games, and music. Biergarten offers a serene place to eat well plenty of food with music and the decorations, the place offers a magical experience of Disney. The restaurant offers varieties of food, but specifically known for sausages and German keg. Biergarten offers a communal dining experience in which people from various families sit in a large table to eat together (Disney.com, 2015). The SWOTT analysis involves methods used in strategic planning, formulated to understand situations for corporate failures. The analysis is a tool for understanding and making decisions concerning new ideas, which are productive for the business. The research strategy involves a series of questions including the stipulated benefits, competitive advantage, weaknesses, and thinking pragmatically (Prussakov, 2011). Biergarten relies on the serene beauty and the varieties of delicacies, which has attracted most individuals from all over the world. The German beer and the burger are some of the favorite delicacies loved by many. The Disney themes and music makes it a fun place and a more preferred place for relaxing and meeting different people from all over the world. Disney is one entertainment company that has fans all over the world and having its themes in a restaurant, makes the lovers of Disney prefer Biergarten for refreshments and leisure (Disney.com, 2015). The analysis of weaknesses of the restaurant focuses on the negative responses from its customers. The restaurant maintains its menu over time limiting the clients who wants to try new available

The Life Of J S Bach Music Essay

The Life Of J S Bach Music Essay This research paper will describe the life of J.S. Bach, including his biography, career and personality. Johann Sebastian Bach is considered one of the greatest composers in the music history and a very talented person. That is why it would be interesting to find out more about his life in detail. Johann Sebastian Bach (March 31, 1685 July 28, 1750) is a German composer and  organist. Bach is also considered a representative of the Baroque period.   During his life, Johann Sebastian Bach has written more than 1000 works, where were shown all the important genres of that time. The composer has also summarized the achievements of musical art of the Baroque period.  As a fact, Bach was the master of polyphony.  Ã‚  His work has had a profound influence on subsequent music composers, including those in the XX century. Johann Sebastian Bach was the youngest, the eighth child of Johann Ambrosius Bach musician and Elizabeth Lemmerhirt.  Rod Bach is known for his musicality from the beginning of the XVI century: many of the ancestors of Johann Sebastian were professional musicians.  During this period, church, local government and the aristocracy supported the musicians, especially in Thuringia and Saxony.  Father of Bach lived and worked in Eisenach.  At this time the city had about 6000 inhabitants. The work of Johann Ambrosius included the organization of secular concerts and performance of church music. When Johann Sebastian was 9 years old, his mother died a year later the father shortly married again.  The boy was taken to his elder brother, Johann Christoph, who served as organist at the nearby Ohrdruf.  Johann Sebastian enrolled in high school, and brother taught him to play the organ and piano.  Johann Sebastian was very fond of music and never missed an opportunity to do it or learn something new.  Johann Christoph in the closet kept a notebook with notes of famous composers at the time, but, despite requests from Johann Sebastian, he did not give him to look at it.  Once the young Bach was able to extract from the always locked cabinet brothers notebook, and in six months on moonlit nights, he copied its contents himself.  When the work has already been completed, brother found a copy and took notes. Perhaps the strain of view during the rewriting of the music at night was the cause of later development of cataracts, which played a fatal role for the composer. Tr ained at the Ohrdruf led him to become acquainted with the work of contemporary composers from South Germany Pachelbel, Froberger and others.  It is also possible that he became acquainted with the works of composers in northern Germany and France.   In 15 years, Bach moved to Là ¼neburg, where in 1700-1703 he studied at the singing school of St. Michael.  During his studies, he traveled to Hamburg the largest city in Germany and Celle (where the premium was a French music), and Là ¼beck, where he got the chance to become acquainted with the works of famous musicians of his time.  These are the same age and the first works of Bach for organ and harpsichord. In addition to singing in the chorus a cappella, Bach probably played the organ and on the harpsichord.  Here he received his first knowledge of theology, Latin, history, geography and physics, but also, possibly, he began to teach French and Italian.  At school, Bach was able to communicate with the sons of famous northern German aristocrats and the well-known organists, especially with George Bemom in Là ¼neburg and Reynken in Hamburg.  With their help, Johann Sebastian, possibly gained access for the largest of all the instruments on which he ever played.  D uring this period, Bach expanded his knowledge of the composers of the era, above all, the Dietrich Buxtehude, whom he greatly respected. Bach wrote over 1000 pieces of music.  Today, each assigned number of famous works BWV (short for Bach Werke Verzeichnis catalog of Bach).  Bach wrote music for different instruments, both spiritually and worldly.  Some of the works of Bach are the treatments of works by other composers, and some reworked versions of his works. Organ music in Germany at the time of Bach has had a long tradition established by predecessors of Bach, Buxtehude and other composers, each in its own way influenced by it.  With many of them Bach was personally acquainted. Over a lifetime, Bach was best known as a first-class organist, teacher and writer of organ music.  He has worked in both traditional for that time of free genres, such as the prelude, fantasia, toccata, passacaglia, and in more severe forms chorale prelude and fugue.  In his works for organ Bach skillfully combined the features of different musical styles, with whom he became acquainted during his life.  The composers music was influenced by both northern German composers (Georg Bà ¶hm, with whom Bach met in Là ¼neburg, and Dieterich Buxtehude in Là ¼beck), and southern music composers: Bach transcribed his works of many French and Italian composers to realize their musical language, he later  even transcribed some of Vivaldi violin concertos for organ.  During the most fruitful period for Organ Music (1708-1714), Johann Sebastian, not only wrote many pairs of preludes and fugues, and Toccata and Fugues, but also wrote an unfinished organ little book a collection of 4 6 Short Chorale Preludes, which demonstrate various techniques and approaches to  composing choral works on the topic.  After his departure from Weimar Bach became less writing for organ, however, after the Weimar were written many well-known product (6 trio sonatas, a collection of Clavier-ÃÅ"bung Leipzig chorales and 18).  Throughout his life Bach not only wrote music for organ, but also engaged in consulting in the construction of instruments, checking and setting of new organs. Bach also wrote a number of pieces for harpsichord, many of which could carry clavichord.  Many of these creations are encyclopedic collections, demonstrating the various techniques and methods of composing polyphonic compositions.  Most of the clavier works of Bach, published in his lifetime, were held in the collections under the name Clavier-ÃÅ"bung (clavier exercises). Well-Tempered Clavier in two volumes, written in 1722 and 1744 respectively is a compendium of each volume of which is contained on the 24 preludes and fugues, one for each frequently used key.  This cycle was very important in connection with the transition to a system configuration tools that allow equally easy to play music in any key especially for the modern evenly tempered scale. Two voiced 15 and 15 three-part invention small works, arranged in order to increase the number of characters in the key.  Meant (and still used today) to learn to play keyboards. Three collections of suites: The English Suites, French Suites and Partitas for harpsichord.  Each cycle is contained in 6 suites, built on a standard scheme (Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Jig, and an optional part between the last two).   Goldberg Variations (about 1741) is the melody with 30 variations.  Cycle has a rather complicated and unusual structure.  Variations are rather based on the tonal plan of themes than on most tunes. There is a variety of pieces such as Overture in the French style, BWV 831, Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue, BWV 903, or Italian Concerto, BWV 971. Bach wrote music for individual instruments, as well as for ensembles.  His works for solo instruments are 6 Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin, BWV 1001-1006, 6 Suites for Cello, BWV 1007-1012, and the Partita for solo flute, BWV 1013 many consider one of the most profound works of the composer.  In addition, Bach composed several pieces for solo lute.  He wrote also trio sonatas, sonatas for solo flute and viola da gamba, accompanied only by bass-general, as well as a large number of canons, mostly without the tools for implementation.  The most significant examples of such works are the cycles of Art of Fugue and The Musical Offering. The most famous works of Bach for Orchestra are Brandenburg Concertos.   They were named so because Bach, sending them Margrave Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Swedish in 1721, thought to get a job at his court, but this attempt was unsuccessful. Six concerts were written in the genre Concerto Grosso.  Other extant works by Bach for orchestra include two violin concertos, Concerto for 2 Violins in D minor, BWV 1043, and also concertos for one four harpsichords.  Researchers believe that these concerts for harpsichord were merely adaptations of older works of Johann Sebastian, now lost.  As a fact, Bach has also written four orchestral suites. Among the chamber works should highlight the second Partita for violin, in particular the last part chaconne. Vocal works. Cantatas.  In the long period of his life, every Sunday Bach visited the Church of St. Thomas led the performance of the cantata, the theme was chosen according to the Lutheran church calendar.  Although Bach performed a cantata and other composers, in Leipzig he composed at least three full annual cycles of cantatas, one for each Sunday, and every religious holiday.  In addition, he composed a number of cantatas in Weimar and Mulhouse.  Total Bach wrote more than 300 cantatas on spiritual issues, of which only about 195 have survived.  The cantatas of Bach differ a lot in form and instrumentation.  As a fact, some of them are written for one voice, some for chorus, some call for the execution of a large orchestra, and some only a few instruments.  However, the most commonly used model is as follows: Cantata offers the solemn choral entry, then alternate recitatives and arias for soloists or duets, and completes the entire chorale.   The final chorale i s often anticipated by the chorale prelude in medium-sized parts, and is sometimes included in the introductory part as a cantus firmus.  The best known of Bachs cantatas are religious Christ lag in Todesbanden (No. 4), Ein feste Burg (number 80), Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme (Room 140) and Herz und Mund und Tat und  Leben (Room 147).  In addition, Bach composed a number of secular cantatas, usually confined to some events, such as a wedding.  Among the most famous secular cantatas by Bach are Two wedding cantatas and humorous Coffee Cantata. St John Passion (1724) and St. Matthew Passion (c. 1727) a work for chorus and orchestra to gospel theme the sufferings of Christ, intended to be executed on the evening of Good Friday in the church of St. Thomas and St. Nicholas. Passion is one of the most large-scale vocal works of Bach.  It is known that Bach wrote 4 or 5 of Passion, but these are two completely reached our days. Oratorio and Magnificat.  The most famous Christmas Oratorio (1734) is a cycle of six cantatas for performance during the Christmas period, liturgical year.  Easter Oratorio (1734-1736) and the Magnificat are more extensive and carefully designed cantatas and have a smaller scope than the Christmas Oratorio or the Passion.  Magnificat exists in two versions: the original (E-flat Major, 1723) and later and the famous (in D Major, 1730). Masses.  The most significant mass Bach is Mass in B minor (completed in 1749), a complete cycle of the ordinary.  In this Mass, as in many other works by the composer, came reworked early compositions.  Mass never performed entirely in the life of Bach the first time this has happened only in the XIX century.  Furthermore, this music is not performed on purpose because of the duration of sound (about 2 hours).  In addition to the Mass in B minor, come down to us 4 short two-part Mass by Bach, as well as individual parts, such as the Sanctus and Kyrie. Others vocal works by Bach include several motets, about 180 chorales, songs and arias. Today, performers of Bachs music are divided into two camps: those who prefer authentic performance (or historically oriented performance), that is, using the tools and methods of the era of Bach and performing Bach on modern instruments.  In times of Bach did not have such large choirs and orchestras, such as in times of Brahms, and even the most ambitious of his works such as the Mass in B minor and the Passion, do not involve performance of large groups.  In addition, some chamber works by Bach did not specify instrumentation, and therefore are known today are very different versions of the execution of the same products.   Of the stringed keyboard instruments Bach preferred the clavichord.  He met with Zilberman and discussed with him a device of its new tool, contributing to the creation of the modern piano.  Bachs music for one instrument often is left up to others, for example, Busoni transcribed organ Toccata and Fugue in D minor and other works for piano. In popularizing the music of Bach in the XX century have contributed to many lightweight and modernized versions of his works.  Among them is widely known today melodies, performed by Swingle Singers, and recorded Wendy Carlos in 1968 Switched-On Bach, where was used the recently invented a synthesizer.   In the last years of his life, and after death of Bach his fame as a composer began to diminish: his style was considered old-fashioned compared to the burgeoning classicism.  He was better known and remembered as a performer, teacher and father of Bach, Jr., primarily Carl Philipp Emanuel, whose music was known.  However, many of the major composers such as Mozart, Beethoven and Chopin, are known and loved works of Johann Sebastian.  For example, when visiting the school of St. Thomas, Mozart heard one of motets (BWV 225) and exclaimed: There is much to learn! And then, asked the notes, and was long and happily studying them. Beethoven greatly appreciated Bachs music.  As a child he played the preludes and fugues from The Well-Tempered Clavier and later called Bach true father of harmony. Chopin before concerts locked in a room and played music by Bach.  The works of Johann Sebastians had an effect on many composers.  Some themes from the works of Bach, for example, the theme of the Toccata and Fugue in D minor, were reused in the music of the XX century. Biography, written in 1802 by Johann Nikolaus Forkelem, spurred public interest in his music.  More and more people are discovering his music.  For example, Goethe, rather late in life acquainted with his works (in 1814 and 1815 in Bad Berka were performed some of his clavier and choral works), in a letter in 1827 compared the feeling of the music of Bach with the eternal harmony in dialogue with  itself .  But the current revival of Bachs music began with the performance of the Passion of St. Matthew in 1829 in Berlin, organized by Felix Mendelssohn.  Hegel, who attended the concert, later called Bach a great, a true Protestant, strong and, so to speak, erudite genius which we have just recently re-learned to appreciate in full measure.  In subsequent years, he continued to work on Mendelssohns promotion of Bachs music and growing popularity of the composer.  In 1850, the Bach Society was founded, whose goal is to collect, study and dissemination of works of Bach.  I n the next half-century that society has undergone extensive work on compiling and publishing the body of the composer. The major forms in which the composer worked are: Toccata and Fugue in D minor; Joke Suite for Flute and Strings; Musical Offering*; St. Matthew Passion; Invention; Goldberg variations*; Brandenburg Concertos; Magnificat* Chorale Preludes. In XX century, continued awareness of the musical and pedagogical value of his works.  Interest in music of Bach has created a new movement among performers: a widespread idea of an authentic performance.  These artists, for example, use a harpsichord instead of a modern piano, and choirs smaller than it was made in the XIX and early XX century, wanting to exactly recreate the music of Bachs era. Some composers have expressed their respects to Bach, including the themes of their works motive BACH.  For example, Liszt wrote a prelude and fugue on BACH, Schumann wrote six fugues on the same topic.  The same subject has used Bach, for example, in the XIV counterpoint of the Art of Fugue.  Many composers took the example of his work or have used the theme of them.  Examples are variations on a theme by Diabelli Beethoven, whose prototype is Goldberg Variations, 24 Preludes and Fugues by Shostakovich, inspired by the Well-Tempered Clavier, and the Sonata for Cello in D Major by Brahms, which are inserted in the final musical quote from Art  Fugue.  Bachs music is among the best creations of mankind is recorded on golden disc Voyager. All in all, the research has shown me the path of life of Johann Sebastian Bach, his success, talent and possibilities. He has made many efforts to show his talent to the world, to make people appreciate what he was doing and to leave the indispensable heritage to the humanity.

History Of IBM :: essays research papers fc

IBM- International Business Machines Corporation History: Though the building blocks of IBM reach back into the mid 1880’s, the company was officially founded in 1911 when Charles F. Flint engineered the merger of Hollerith's Tabulating Machine Company, Computing Scale Company of America and International Time Recording Company. The agreed upon name was Computing- Tabulating- Recording Company or C-T-R. C-T-R soon found itself struggling do to over diversification of its product. In 1914 Thomas J. Watson, Sr. was brought in to help homogenize the company. He succeeded to turn the company around in just 11 months and redirected its focus to producing large-scale, custom-built tabulating solutions for businesses and left the rest of their former endeavors to the competition. Over the next four years, with Watson at the helm, the company’s revenues doubled and expanded operations to Europe, South America, Asia, and Australia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the next decade C-T-R continued to innovate in their industry and bought out addition companies and patents. This additional growth of the company made the old name too limited for their ambitious pursuits and in 1924 they formally changed the name over to International Business Machines Corporation or IBM.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the Great Depression IBM was able to continue to grow and innovate even when demand for their products began to drop. Because of their build op of data processing machines IBM won the governments social security act contract in 1935 and became responsible for keeping track of 26 million people, essentially ensuring a strong future for the company for at least the next decade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1940’s IBM with a joint effort from Harvard University completed the first ever Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, also called the Mark I. In the 1950’s IBM’s computers became smaller and more practical for business applications such as billing, payroll and inventory control. In the 1960’s Thomas J. Watson, Jr took over control of the company from his father and directed into a new more consumer friendly environment. IBM was the first computing company to sell computers without software bundled into the package, this move would spawn the multi-billion dollar software industry that exist today, of which IBM is still an industry leader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the 1970’s and 80’s IBM worked to get the computer smaller and more convenient for the household format. Floppy disks were introduced to the public market as personal self storage devices. IBM also developed the first Intranet in the mid 80’s and created the foundations for what would later become the internet.

Ethical and Psychological Egoism Essay

At first glance the theories of ethical egoism and psychological egoism may seem to be very similar, but in fact they differ greatly with respect to their status as making prescriptive or descriptive claims. Ethical egoism is a consequentialist ethical theory that argues each individual should seek to do what is solely in his or her self-interest, and in this fashion it makes a prescriptive claim. Moseley (2006) describes it in this way: â€Å"it is always moral to promote one’s own good, and it is never moral not to promote it. † Similarly, Rand (1964) defines it with respect to selfishness: â€Å"The attack on ‘selfishness’ is an attack on man’s self-esteem; to surrender one is to surrender the other† (p. 7). Therefore, for example, when facing the moral question of whether or not to buy Fairtrade coffee, ethical egoism dictates that the individual should not necessarily think about the employees who pick the beans in Columbia, but should instead consider whether or not buying Fairtrade will give that individual a good image, improve his or her own context, etc. In its strong version, ethical egoism asserts that it is always morally correct to seek one’s own good and never moral to not seek the same, whereas the weak version argues for the former, but not the latter. In this respect, according to strong ethical egoism, I should buy Fairtrade coffee only because of how it benefits me and the thought of benefit for any other person should not even be a consideration. The weak theory, however, still insists I buy the coffee because it benefits me, but it will not necessary condemn me if I also consider the benefit my purchase may bring to Columbian workers for their own sakes. Psychological egoism, in contrast to ethical egoism, is a purely descriptive theory in that it attempts to describe the way in which humans function: it claims the â€Å"fact† that every individual’s actions are driven solely by self-interested ends. However, in this descriptive theory there lies a problematic fallacy. Once one accepts the premise of psychological egoism, namely that everything an individual does is out of concern for self-interest, it is impossible to offer any counter-examples to the theory. For example, if I am a captain of a ship and have decided my crew is planning a mutiny against me, every action that the crew does, whether hostile or simply unimportant, will be interpreted by me as supporting my mutiny hypothesis. In other words, the theory of psychological egoism is simply non-falsifiable. A further difference between ethical egoism and psychological egoism is the doctrine of motivation that undergirds each. Because psychological egoism is merely a descriptive theory, it draws its motivation from nature, or simply â€Å"the way things are†. In this respect, a philosopher like Hobbes (1651) can argue for his contract theory of the state in order to thwart the natural inclinations of humanity to kill one another. His starting assumption is that the state of nature serves as the foundation or motivation for psychological egoism. On the other hand, ethical egoism as a prescriptive theory derives its motivation from the desires of the individual to maximize his or her own self-interests. Self-interest does not mean selfishness, per se, insofar as selfishness pushes for the maximization of individual gains without consideration of others. Rather self-interest may have a communal aspect which allows for achievement of personal goods that, though directed toward the benefit of the individual, may in fact correspond with achievement of goods for others (see footnote 1). Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan. Forgotten Books ebook. Retrieved from http://www. forgottenbooks. org Moseley, A/ (2006) Egoism. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved from http://www. cep. utm. edu/e/egoism. htm Rand, A. (1964) The Virtue of Selfishness. New York: Signet, 1970

Through Thick and Thin essays

Through Thick and Thin essays Every noble person or Roman must have a sturdy backbone. In the play Julius Caesar by Shakespeare, Caesar is one who can be the center of attention. Caesar can be known as a man that represents honor, faithfulness, and courage all in ways towards his fellow comrades. While Caesar is on his way home, many talk about how he has defeated Pompey and how they cannot wait to grant Caesar full power. His friend Antony mentions how he feels about Caesar and how no one should fear him. Fear him not, Caesar, hes not/ dangerous, He is a noble Roman, and well given (Shakespeare 55-57). Not only does Caesar symbolize honor but faithfulness as well. Caesar had his chance to lie in many situations, but instead of just turning his back, he went out tell the truth. When his wife wanted him to stay home, he then informs his friend to tell that he will not be arriving. In the place of a lie, he tells his friend a different type of answer. The cause is in my will, I will not/ come: That is enough to sat isfy the Senate (Shakespeare 71-72). His honor and faith is true, but nothing is complete with the courage of a true warrior. As Caesar draws near death, he dies with bravery along his close friend Brutus. With strength in dying first, his last words can strongly say he will be remembered in the mind of Brutus. Et tu, Brute? (Shakespeare 77). Even though nobility comes in all shapes and sizes, a true Roman stands out like a sore thumb. Through thick and thin no body will fear this honorable man and he walks faithfully with courage with his friends by his side. ...

Words to War essays

Words to War essays In the period after the French and Indian War it had become quite clear that the agendas of England and the American colonies had become severely different. It was in this time period that England greatly increased its focus on the colonies and began to, without knowing it, test the loyalty and patience of its colonies. England began to pass tariffs and tax laws that thoroughly enraged the colonists, who thought it wrong for the empire to all of a sudden take interest in them again. It became clear, after a very short period of parliament interfering with the colonies, that colonists angry words were on their way to becoming rebellious actions. It was also clear that not all of the colonists had the same goal in mind when it came to the idea of revolution. In 1765 parliament passed the Stamp Act, which put a tax on many everyday items. The Stamp Act was an internal tax that raised the cost of the goods in a way that made the colonists have to pay for it. Up until that time the colonists had seen many external taxes imposed, they were imposed in the form of tariffs used to regulate trade in the empire, but the merchants were the ones who had to pay for it. However, this new development infuriated the colonists and set them to thinking about radical ideas. The main argument that rose out of these was that of Taxation without representation, the colonists firmly believed that the government should have complete and total consent of the governed peoples to pass such any legal acts or laws. Ben Franklin, seeing the tension that was beginning to build up within the colonists, stepped up to the plate and explained to Parliament why the colonists disgusted their decisions. Ben explained that it wasnt that the colonists minded taxation; it was that they didnt like internal taxation. As good as he tried his words were a complete misrepresentation of what the colonists really felt. It was ...

It is necessary for large listed companies in different countries to Assignment

It is necessary for large listed companies in different countries to prepare financial statements using uniform accounting stand - Assignment Example Financial accounting and managerial accounting deal with the preparation of accounting reports that provide information for decision making. Financial accounting deals with the preparation of financial statements such as the balance sheets and the profit and loss accounts. These are disclosed to both internal and external users. The internal users include the management and employees. Management accounting deals with the preparation of accounts that are used internally by management for decision making. Financial accounting statements are subject to the scrutiny of outsiders; potential investors, financial institutions and economic analysts compared to managerial accounts that are used internally by management (Ramanna & Sletten, 2009). Financial accounts provide information on the financial position and position of the business whereas management accounts provide information for planning, budgets and controls for management decision making. This explains why financial accounts need to follow certain standards compared to managerial accounts. Due to globalization, countries need to speak the same language internationally so that the accounts produced can be understood and improve investor confidence regardless of the country concerned. This paper sets out to explain what IFRS is, the arguments for and against using uniform accounting standards in the preparation of financial statements and the flexibility of the preparation of management accounting reports (Caroline, 2010). History of International Financial Reporting Standards The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) was formed to promote the adoption of the IFRS so that there is worldwide consistency in financial reporting regardless of where the organization was located. The International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was formed in 1973 to prepare standards that would be used by smaller nations in creating their own internal accounting standards. This was succeeded by the IASB in 2001. GAA P is an appropriate tool for financial reporting where organizations operate within a country’s borders with reason. With globalization a company may find it difficult to compare its financial statements using its GAAP without violating the GAAP of another. IFRS were developed due to the growth of global markets and the desire by multinationals and organizations to have one common set of financial statements that can be understood internationally. The IASB was mandated to develop high quality accounting standards that would reduce the cost of doing business, increase efficiency and provide information for potential investors. Currently, there are over 100 countries that have adopted the IFRS. There are many countries that are in the process of replacing the local standards with IFRS such as the US (Armstrong, Barth, Jagolinzer, & Riedl, 2010). Benefits of International Financial Reporting Standards There is greater comparability of financial statements. Companies from differe nt countries can easily compare their accounts. Using different rules in the preparation would not be possible and good for investment. The statements can be compared in all the financial markets irrelevant of where they were prepared. Financial statements prepared using IFRS are more flexible as they are principle based compared to local accounting stan

Consumer Behavior Final Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer Behavior Final Campaign - Essay Example Because of this particular target market, Samsungs product offering to these individuals is necessarily high tech, cutting-edge, sleek, attractive, and expensive. By means of contrast in comparison, the target market that exists within lesser developed regions of the world, namely South America, many parts of Africa, and regions of Asia, is significantly different. Utilitarianism and functionality is the main concern that this target market represents. Beyond this, durability and low cost are other metrics that are highly appreciated within the aforementioned – lower income regions of the globe. Because of this, Samsungs target market within these areas is specifically predicated upon a larger segment of society; one that represents youth as well as individuals of a more advanced age. Similarly, as the income gap is far wider within these particular regions, and for individuals make up a statistically larger percentage of the overall population, the target market is specifical ly directed towards those that are not able to afford the more high-end and technologically advanced product offerings that Samsung is otherwise known. As a result of this fact, the product, as well as the target market, it is differentiated as compared what has already been discussed.

Brief #5 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brief #5 - Assignment Example According to the court, "[T]he prohibition of compelling a man in a criminal court to be witness against himself is a prohibition of the use of physical or moral compulsion to extort communications from him, not an exclusion of his body as evidence when it may be material†. While accessing the privilege under Fourteenth Amendment, the court also judged the withdrawal of petitioner’s blood against â€Å"the right of a person to remain silent unless he chooses to speak in the unfettered exercise of his own will, and to suffer no penalty†¦.for such silence†. The petitioner was driving with his companion and because of being intoxicated, he struck a tree due to which, he and his companion got injured. While having being treated for the injuries at the hospital, he was arrested on account of intoxication while driving. His blood sample for the test of intoxication was extracted against his will with the help of a physician because the officer found him drunk. The search and seizure was not unreasonable. The petitioner was informed about his right to get an attorney’s counsel, but blood sample was taken against his will. According to the petitioner, his rights under the Fourteenth Amendment, Fourth Amendment, Fifth Amendment and Sixth Amendment were violated due to which, the evidence of his blood sample should be rejected. However, the Appellate Department of California Superior court affirmed the conviction and rejected his contentions. According to the court, there is no ‘compelling communication’ or ‘testimony ’ that violate the petitioner’s rights and any compulsion with the support of which, ‘real or physical evidence’ is obtained about a suspect, is not a violation of privileges. The cases applicable here are Malloy v. Hogan, Holt v. United States (1910) and Miranda v. Arizona (1966). The Los Angeles Municipal Court of the Criminal offense decided that Schmerber was guilty of intoxicated driving

A Life Lesson from My Grandma Essay Example for Free

A Life Lesson from My Grandma Essay The tears rolled down profusely as I held the telephone receiver in my hand. My aunt was still on the other end, demanding that I immediately rush over to Grandma Mary’s house. At this instant, my gut instinct responded by tightening up indicating that something was definitely wrong. And it was only then; memories of her youthful days flashed across my mind, reminding me of her mantra, â€Å"You must never allow anyone to steal your joy†. And it appeared as if she was standing right beside me, but I knew it was just a fragment of my imagination. I confirmed there and then to myself, I recognized now that I had lost someone, but I would have something with me for life, the value of unconditional love my grandma often displayed amongst her family and her neighbors by extension, and she would always reiterate how much she wanted it to live on. Granny Mary was like a female Goliath. Blessed with a dark chocolate skin tone, moles and wrinkles canvassed her face which we often referred to as the storylines of her life. But the positivity she gave off could connect a grounded wire on a cold winter night. How she did it, she alone knew. I remember her making ends meet, and providing food for her family after two failed marriages. As the other half of her twin, Uncle John would pay his sister to do his laundry, cook his food and maintain the downstairs of the home which he occupied. And yes, pretty amazing how this money brought up six kids and assisted my sister and I as the two first grandchildren in the family. Not only did she raise her grand kids, but the entire neighborhood’s children were taken care of by â€Å"Aunty Mary† also, a name she would always be remembered by. I can still recall how many days the neighbor’s kids will come without food or clothes, but when they left, their tummies were filled, and late evening shower already taken. We would all surround granny as she read a bible story and explained the role of each person mentioned in the  bible. It was as if her joy was ensuring that all children were always happy and knew the value of love. And yes, this stood out most, because to this day, I share the same sentiments when dealing with my daughter and my niece, or all children I interact with on a daily basis. To this day, I could count the number of times I saw a toothy smile on her almost daunting face, after that late December afternoon when the hospital called to say my Uncle Brian passed away after being involved in a motor vehicular accident on the Solomon Hochoy Highway. She continued to emphasize that we were totally in control of our own happiness, and we should live life to the fullest always displaying love and making sure all is well with our soul as we never know when the good Lord will call us home. I remembered her kneeling to pray with her every night before we go to bed. She embedded that prayer was the answer to every problem you can ever encounter in this life and happiness is within one’s self. Grandma Mary would often have us assist her when she picked peas or fed the chickens in the backyard. We watched the chickens developed from baby chicks to mealtime. And yes, we’d joke about it when it was time to catch them to have grandma prepare some great soul f ood for us. In April 2012, I was able to display the said qualities Grandma Mary embedded in us. I gave birth to a still born baby boy, and all I saw after giving birth, was my grand-mother’s face. How she’d often say God is ever to wise to make a mistake, and God sees what we don’t. Although I didn’t want to hear that at that time of grief, I clearly remembered dreaming her one night, giving me confirmation that all would be well, and continue to love and have faith in God. And as I thought about her the morning after I was discharged from the hospital, I made hot cocoa, and the aroma took me back to twenty years ago when my grandmother was alive. We’d wake up to the aroma of hot cocoa and her favorite Jim Reeve would be blasting through the house, â€Å"If heaven’s not my home, then Lord what will I do?† And it was as if she strengthened me to look forward and not regret. I remembered her mantra, and I did not allow the death of my son to steal my joy. I still had my daughter to brighten up my days, and prayers assisted me in trusting and believing that God had better plans for me. As an individual, I can associate part of my grandmother’s journey to that of mine. No mother comes on this earth with the intentions of having to bury their own child, but all in all, life has to go on. And not just go on, but I am in control of my own joy. The qualities she left us with have continued to reign throughout my family, and every time I sit to tell a story about Grandma Mary, I can safely associate her with love, faith and God. The aroma of hot cocoa today brings a smile on my face, and each time I hear a Jim Reeve play, I’ll see her wrinkled face. There is no greater joy in having a loved one live on although they are no longer with us in body. I am one hundred percent guaranteed she is indeed happy with the positive value we continue to display. And the deep voice ringing through my head, â€Å"You must never allow anyone to steal your joy†.